Science

Anatomy of The Cannabis Plant: Cannabinoids

April 27th, 2018 BAS Research

The Cannabis plant produces hundreds of different cannabinoids and over four hundred complex-compounds that make up the plant anatomy.

The most well known among these compounds are Cannabidiol (CBD), a potent medicinal compound and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient of the plant. While CBD and THC are the most well-known cannabinoids, there are many other minor cannabinoids that are thought to offer health benefits. Some of these are cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabichromene (CBC).

What are Cannabinoids?

Cannabinoids are a broad class of chemical compounds named for those found in a cannabis plant and stored within the plant’s trichomes. Cannabinoids can be further classified by where they are found, such as in plants and animals. If the cannabinoids are found in animals, then they are known as endocannabinoids, while phytocannabinoids are found in plants.

How Do Cannabinoids Work?

The endocannabinoid system is a system in the human body consisting of cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors. Cannabinoids that are produced naturally by the human body are called endocannabinoids. The endocannabinoid system influences physiological processes like appetite, pain sensation, mood, and memory. Within this system, cannabinoids mediate communication between various cells and systems in the human body through the interaction with the cannabinoid receptors. This activation of cannabinoid receptors triggers various pharmacological effects.

Research has revealed that brain cells and nerve cells have two types of cannabinoid receptors, or special molecules that grab cannabinoids. When a cannabinoid meets a receptor, it can cause an effect to occur within the cell, similar to the way a locked door will not open until a specific cannabinoid key is inserted and turned in the lock – the receptor.

The two types of cannabinoid receptors present in our brain and nerve cells. Source

One way cannabinoids work is by attaching to specific receptors, called endocannabinoid receptors, which are found all over the human body. Currently, two primary endocannabinoid receptors are known – CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors work mainly on the brain and are predominantly located in the central and peripheral nervous systems, while CB2 receptors work mainly on the body and are found mostly in the immune system. When a particular cannabinoid attaches to these specific receptors, it triggers a series of changes in the way cells send signals to other cells throughout the body.

While the functions of these cannabinoids within the body are wide-ranging, it is believed that their primary function is to promote homeostasis or balance. Cannabinoid compounds act on cannabinoid receptors as a regulatory network tasked with keeping body functions in balance. Although cannabinoids are known to interact with the CB1 and CB2 receptors, much more is yet to be discovered about these amazing molecules. They likely operate through many different pathways in the body, beyond these receptors, making their study much more complex than originally thought.

Phytocannabinoids are similar in molecular and electronic structure to the endocannabinoids Researchers believe this similarity is the reason phytocannabinoids can interact with the endocannabinoid system and produce the physiological effects.

Type of Cannabinoids

While researchers have indicated there are over 100 identified cannabinoids. They are separated into subclasses:

Source

Conclusion

Cannabinoids are a diverse set of chemical compounds that bind to special receptors in the human body that make up what is known as the endocannabinoid system. As these receptors are found throughout the body, cannabinoids have the potential to affect almost every activity of life. Cannabinoids are divided into two main categories, the phytocannabinoids found in plants and endocannabinoids found in animals. Of those found in cannabis plants, THC and CBD are the most well known and documented, however, the therapeutic potential of the minor cannabinoids is of great interest.

Anatomy of The Cannabis Plant: Terpenes

March 21st, 2018 BAS Research

If you are in contact with the universe of cannabis, you have probably heard the word “terpene” somewhere, including in other posts of our blog.

Terpenes are the molecules found in the cannabis flower that give cannabis all its diversity of aromas and flavors, as for example, the Blueberry Strain with a smell of berries or the Sour Diesel Strain with a taste of funky fuel.

They are produced in the plant trichomes, which are appendages that extend from the epidermis– or outer layer– of the cannabis plant, serving as a means to defend against animals, insects, and even the variables of the environment.

While different strains can produce different terpene profiles, different crops can produce different profiles even within the same strain from field to field and harvest to harvest. Environmental conditions during growth cycles, as well as the care given to the plant in the curing stages after harvest, can have significant influence over the terpene content of the flowers. These terpenes can then be preserved during the extraction process of making strain specific cannabis oils.

Like cannabinoids, terpenes are also believed to have different physiological effects due to the connections they make in the brain, such as inducing sleep, raising mood, relieving stress, and so on. There are already over 100 different terpenes identified in cannabis, and each strain turns to a unique type and composition of terpenes.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not

intended to diagnose, treat, or cure any disease.

*Commonly accepted medicinal effects

Conclusion

Terpenes are much more than just the smells and the flavors of cannabis. They present an opportunity to arrive at a deeper context of the effect of that the cannabis product might have. Although looking at the cannabinoid percentages and ratios will give you good information on the potential effects of the product, you can also inspect the terpene content to learn which patterns of terpenes or which strains might match your needs. Please also remember to seek your doctor’s advice when exploring the benefits that cannabis products might have for you.

This is the second article from the series: Anatomy of the Cannabis Plant, you can read the previous and first article of this series here: Anatomy of the Cannabis Plant: Trichomes